Major mining companies are looking to invest in countries they previously considered too risky, including Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia, propelled by a dwindling pipeline of bigΒ copperΒ mines elsewhere and record-high prices.
Investor wariness about uncertain regulatory environments, challenging working conditions and corruption have meant some listed companies favoured countries such as Australia or Canada, despite the higher costs of operating there.
But perceived improvements β and the impetus for moreΒ copper, a metal essential to the burgeoning electric vehicle industry β are starting to convince some miners that the possible reward could outweigh the risk.
βI am confident we have the capabilities to pursue opportunities in what some would see as tougher jurisdictions, but the size of the opportunity needs to be commensurate with the increase in management effort that is going to be required,β BHP CEO Mike Henry said last week.
BHP, the worldβs biggest miner, hasnβt been active in Africa since it span off South32 in 2015.
In Congo, the start up without hitches of big projects like Ivanhoeβs Kamoa-Kakula mine provides reassurance for companies considering a project in the country, investors say.
βMining companies take a longer-term view than regimes last. What is perceived as risky today might not be so in 10 years,β George Cheveley, portfolio manager at Ninety One in London, said.
βWhen BHP developed Escondida, Chile was considered riskier than it is now and look at the value of that project many years down the line. One of the advantages of diversified miners is their ability to manage risk rather than avoid risk,β Cheveley added. Escondida is the worldβs largestΒ copperΒ mine.
In Zambia, the August election of President Hakainde Hichilema has been a βgamechangerβ, said Nick Schirnding, chairman of exploration firm Arc Minerals, bringing a promise of more business-friendly policies after his predecessor was seen as antagonistic towards the mining industry.
βGoing to places like Zambia has just become so much higher on anybodyβs agenda,β said Schirnding, whose company owns fiveΒ copperΒ exploration licences in the country.
Arc Minerals hired investment bank Rothschild in March and Schirnding said the company has received expressions of interest from several majors, without giving further details.
Investors have become more tolerant in general, and the AfricanΒ copperbeltβs high-gradeΒ copperΒ is a reward for the higher risk, said Ian Woodley, a fund manager at Old Mutual.
βYou can get 3% to 4%Β copperΒ in the DRC and Zambia; you canβt get that anywhere else,β he said.
βHorribly wrongβ risk
Congo has the worldβs biggest reserves of cobalt and is Africaβs largestΒ copperΒ producer, but it is ranked among the worst countries in the world for βcorruption perceptions,β according to a Transparency International index.
A banking source who asked not to be named said Western majors who previously would not have considered the country were looking at it because of the shortage of new discoveries in relatively safe jurisdictions in North America and Australia.
WithΒ copperΒ prices reaching their highest yet above $10,000 a tonne in May and Goldman Sachs forecasting they could hit $10,500 by the end of 2021 as the world thirsts for metals needed to power the energy transition, miners are looking far and wide.
But the dangers have not gone away.
βIf you go in there transparently, youβre upfront and you follow all the rules, I think people will give you the benefit of the doubt β but you have to be careful,β said Old Mutualβs Woodley.
βWeβve seen miners going into different locations; sometimes they get it right and sometimes they get it horribly wrong.β
